Fossil Fuel Bubble

Fossil Fuel Bubble Thesis: The use of fossil fuel products elicited concerns over its benefits and impact of environment, which has resulted in the search of effective solutions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fossil Fuel Bubble specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relationship of Geography and History Geography refers to the study of humankind and its relationship with other species and features in the earth. It involves the analysis of land, its inhabitants, and the features within the environment. The discipline is related to history in different ways with respect to the presentation of life and the environment. As such, geography is the elemental nature of matching plants and animals, which have mutual relationship. The plants make food through photosynthesis while animals feed on plants. During the process of photosynthesis, plants produce oxygen that is required by the animals. On the other hand, animals release out carbon dioxide that is used by plants to make their foods. When plants and animals die, the cycle of natural balance is repeated since the death of fauna and flora forms the earth fossils (Robbs 1). Geography has an impact on the history of evolution of the earth. The evolution of the human species, Homo sapiens, is believed to have taken place over a thousand years. The history of fossils shows that human species shifted from one region to the other in search of favorable conditions. The migration from one environment to the other led to alteration of features that existed in the regions as well as development of adaptations for the region. Some of the geographical and historical events that relates to humanity are addressed in the Ice age, domestication and the agricultural development, which was in line with the human species evolution. During the agricultural era, farmers produced surpluses from their farm production. The agricultural revolution led to emergence of merchandise products, which contributed to development of trade in all levels of classes. At first, humans cultivated plants before they could tame animals since plants offered the required food. On the other hand, the animals could contribute to the environment through production of manure necessary for increasing nutrients in the soil. For this reason, it can be concluded that the mutual relationship between plants and animals has been significant from the ancient times, and as such, it has led to formation of fossils. Process of economic growth When the fossil fuel bubble stimulated the economic growth, the class structure was hierarchical. The priests and military leaders occupied the upper class, and for that reason, they enjoyed all privileges and controlled other people. The middle class were the merchants and artisans, who had valuable skills for growth and development of the communities.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lowest class included the farmers, who had the biggest population, and in most cases, served other groups of the society. The specialization in agricultural activities led to production of farm surpluses, which allowed economic growth. Through surplus production, the agricultural revolution led to increase in population and emergence of class structures, which enhanced profitability due to specialization in the entire economy. The level of status and prestige attributed to an individual during the economic growth was essential since conflicts between communities were common, and for that reason, the conquerors enslaved other classes (Robbs 1). The specialization in trade also enabled the successful classes to be profitable, which enhanced their control and influence. At the same time, the military leaders and priest played a significant role in resolving conflicts and protecting the artisans and farmers. World population growth since 1650 The growth of world population is influenced by productivity intensity and accessibility of food. During 1650, the population was estimated to be 500,000 million. In the 17th century, a timeline of 1600 – 1699, which was a time of changes in philosophy and science, population drastically rose. By 1900, the population had risen to 1.6 billion, which marked a three times increase in comparison to the previous stage. This was facilitated by the civilization and technological advancement of the world. In the year 2000, the population had still risen to 6.1 billion after a century. The population of humans was big, and as such, it had negative impacts on other species. During the 2010 statistics, the global population was estimated to be 7.0 billion. The enlargement in the growth rate of human population is attributed to the improvement of standards of living. Consequently, labor has become cheap while business cycles continue to influence economies. However, the governments are a lso involved in the regulation and management of industrial activities. The population growth since 1650 to 2010 is shown on the table below. Year Population Estimate % increase 1600 500,000 0 1900 1.6bilion 68.8 2000 6.1billion 73.8 2010 7.0 billion 12.8 During the 20th century, the population growth was very high. Population grew because of the food availability while the surplus was directed to trade. Essentially, trading centers had high population density. In the last decade, labor reduction and high standards of living has stabilized the population. However, initiatives are still needed to control the growth rate of population. Fossil fuel bubble and its relationship to the Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel bubble is the excessive accumulation of fossils beneath the earth surface for over millions of years. Some of these fossil fuels include coal, oil and the natural gases, which are created as the earth’s rocks rest on the remains of death plants and anim als. The inflating time of fossils cannot be measured but it is estimated to be over a thousand of years.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fossil Fuel Bubble specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fossil fuel was essential for the industrial revolution since they were a major source of energy. In the 21st Century, the population growth is very high and industrialization is crucial in the entire world. Most sources of energy are coal, oil and the natural gases. For this reason, fossil fuels increases productivity, which leads to low costs of production and improved standards of living. Over time, fossil fuels have been utilized in industries to meet the needs of people. It is known that coal energy has been significant in the replacement of wood fuel. On the other hand, oil and natural gases have contributed immensely to the depletion of natural resources since they are highly demanded in the world. These forms of ener gy form a crucial component of the economy since it influences productivity. In the 21st Century, the consumption of the fossil products has reached its peak because most industries rely on them. However, it is crucial to reduce their impacts on the environment (Robbs 1). Relationship between the fossil fuel bubble and climate change Fossil fuel bubble was used in the industrial growth period to produce energy for production processes. The utilization of the source of energy had some impacts on earth with respect to climate change, land destruction, and depletion of natural resources. Before the introduction of fossil fuel, wood fuel was used to produce energy through burning. The destruction of forests caused shortage in rainfall, and thus, caused climate change. For this reason, people were forced to look for alternative sources of energy to meet their ever-rising needs. Prior to industrialization, humans utilized their physical strength and animals to undertake agriculture and tr ansportation activities. On the other hand, wood, wind, and water were later harnessed to produce energy required for economic activities. These energy sources were readily available to meet the needs of a relatively small population. The sources of energy could be regenerated in a short period. However, Industrialization led to the consideration of fossil fuels as an important source of energy. Initially, coal was adopted since it was an effective source of energy compared to wood in the economy.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wood was needed for homes and transportation especially for sea vessels and trains. Although there was adequate coal for exploitation, the ground water limited the capacity to mining it. Consequently, people were forced to look for alternative sources of energy that were locally available and friendly to the environment. As a result, it led to the development of steam energy. The utilization of fossil fuel causes emission of greenhouse gases, which leads to climate change. The long-term solution to the climate change is alternatives sources of energy such as solar energy, geothermal, hydroelectric or wind energy, which are renewable and environmental friendly. In the western civilization, it is vital to incorporate the alternative sources of energy to minimize global warming. On the other hand, the alternative sources of energy are affordable and sensible in utilization of natural resources. As a result, the environment would be protected while the economic activities would flourish . At the same time, the negative effects of energy through radioactivity can be minimized. The implications for the future of western civilization The western civilization represents the educative time that altered the traditional practices and infrastructure. Through use of creativity and innovation, new technologies have been developed for industrial growth. The first source of energy that was used in the industry was coal. However, steam engines were later incorporated, which drove the turbines to produce energy. The world civilization in the 21st century set stage for invention of the nuclear energy. Despite the energy producing safe carbon dioxide, the future risk of poor storage of the energy will lead to radioactivity, which is very dangerous to the whole world. Although nuclear energy is environmental friendly due to lack of greenhouse gases emission, it presents many problems, which indicates that it is not a sensible alternative to fossil fuels. Over time, there have been chief events that clearly portrayed nuclear energy is not a safe source of energy. Some of incidents that portrayed its disastrous consequences include the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania, the hydrogen explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear facility in Russia, and the interruption of the Japan by a tsunami. The lack of proper storage of nuclear energy in the western civilization can lead to catastrophic radioactive emissions. Energy is an important element in all aspects of life, and for that reason, there are different types of energy in the history of the world, which have been salient since industrialization to the civilization of the world. The fossil fuel bubble was the important source of energy in the evolution of the world activities. In this regard, they have been significant sources of energy for over thousands of years that have not been fully exploited. Robbs, T. Fossil Fuel Bubble . Sources of Energy 1 (2011): n. pag. Web.

Hygroscopic Definition in Chemistry

Hygroscopic Definition in Chemistry Water is an important solvent, so its unsurprising that there is a term specifically related to water absorption. Definition of Hygroscopic A hygroscopic substance is able to absorb or adsorb water from its surroundings. Typically, this occurs at or near ordinary room temperature. Most hygroscopic materials are salts, but many other materials display the property. When water vapor is absorbed, the water molecules are taken into the molecules of the substance, often resulting in physical changes, such as increased volume. Color, boiling point, temperature, and viscosity can also change. When water vapor is adsorbed, the water molecules remain on the surface of the material. Examples of Hygroscopic Materials Zinc chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide crystals are hygroscopic. Silica gel, honey, nylon, and ethanol are also hygroscopic. Sulfuric acid is hygroscopic, not only when concentrated but also down to a concentration of 10% v/v or even lower. Germinating seeds also are hygroscopic. After seeds have dried, their outer coating becomes hygroscopic and starts absorbing moisture needed for germination. Some seeds have hygroscopic portions that change the shape of the seed when moisture is absorbed. The seed of Hesperostipa comata twists and untwists, depending on its hydration level, drilling the seed into the soil. Animals also make use of hygroscopic materials. For example, a species of lizard commonly called the thorny dragon has hygroscopic grooves between its spines. Water (dew) condenses on the spines at night and collects in the grooves, and then capillary action lets the lizard capture water across its skin. Hygroscopic Versus Hydroscopic You might encounter the word hydroscopic used in place of hygroscopic. Although hydro- is a prefix meaning water, the word hydroscopic is a misspelling and is incorrect. A hydroscope is an instrument used to take deep sea measurements. A device called a hygroscope in the 1790s was an instrument used to measure humidity levels. The modern name for such a device is a hygrometer. Hygroscopy and Deliquescence Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials are both able to absorb moisture from the air. However, hygroscopy and deliquescence dont mean precisely the same thing. Hygroscopic materials absorb moisture, but deliquescent materials absorb moisture to the extent that the substance dissolves in water. Deliquescence may be considered an extreme form of hygroscopy. A hygroscopic material will become damp and may stick to itself or become caky, while a deliquescent material will liquefy. Hygroscopy Versus Capillary Action While capillary action is another mechanism involving the uptake of water, it differs from hygroscopy in that no absorption occurs in capillary action. Storing Hygroscopic Materials Hygroscopic chemicals require special care. Typically, they are stored in airtight containers. They may also be maintained under kerosene, oil, or within a dry atmosphere. Uses of Hygroscopic Materials Hygroscopic substances are used to keep products dry or to remove water from an area. They are commonly used in desiccators. Hygroscopic materials may be added to products because of their ability to attract and hold moisture. These substances are referred to as humectants. Examples of humectants used in food, cosmetics, and drugs include salt, honey, ethanol, and sugar. The Bottom Line Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials and humectants are all able to absorb moisture from the air. Generally, deliquescent materials are used as desiccants. They dissolve in the water they absorb to yield a liquid solution. Most other hygroscopic materials (which dont dissolve) are called humectants.

Dialogues concerning Natural Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dialogues concerning Natural Religion - Essay Example Finally, I will provide a discussion on the various beliefs that Plantinga thinks are properly basic. These discussions will provide a vista to bring forth arguments on Plantinga and Clark’s arguments against classical foundationalism. The main aspect under discussion, which forms the thesis problem, is the Hume’s evidentialist objection to belief in God being a function of the truths within classical foundations and such truths may not be very valid and logical especially in the contemporary philosophy. Classical foundationalism is a theory and structure of knowledge that adheres to specific forms of internalism especially in reference to providing justifications to some basic beliefs. Classical foundationalism stems from the concept of modern foundationalism developed by Rene Descartes. Rene proposed the principle of modern foundationalism on the basis of sense (Descartes 80-81). The forms of internalism are not only limited to justification of basic beliefs but also the strong access to specific requirements such as infallibility, indubitability, and incorrigibility revolving around the basic beliefs. There have been increased debates on classical foundationalism within the world of philosophy. Most of the debates revolve around the aspects that make classical foundationalism a more convincing philosophical concept and aspects that discredit the philosophical concepts. Contemporary philosophers continued to argue for and against the propositions of the classical foundationalism a s a philosophical perspective. In such debates, various propositions have been identified to support the concepts and existence of classical foundationalism. Plantinga confirms that classical foundationalism exists in the proposition that, A belief is acceptable for a person if and only if it is either (i) basic (i.e. self-evident or incorrigible), or (ii) believed on the evidential basis of propositions that are acceptable and that support it

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 25

Leadership - Essay Example There must be procedures and policies that are vital in managing a program and therefore failure to successfully communicate these may interfere with success of the project. Workers need to understand basic information required in doing their jobs and therefore effective communication is really weighty in getting the job done. According to West (2012), there are always limited resources and time constraints that ought to be completed. Failure to accomplish project on time may indicate overall project failure and therefore all the resources both human and materials should be allocated in the most efficient way. Improper utilization of resources may break the smooth running of the project and eventually lead to terrible program failure. Also, resources and time play a major role in the estimation of the project. These two elements are very expensive and are the reason behind program budgeting and estimations. Failure to control resources and time may heighten the cost of the project. Indeed, resources and time are very important aspects of any project and are vital in determining long term health of the project. Managers are required to manage their conflicts democratically with a clear distinction between substantive and personal issues. In managing interpersonal conflicts, leaders need to be prepared with information that is more detailed and multiple alternatives to enhance the quality of their debate. Availability of more data, which are objective based, compel managers to focus on issues rather than personal matters or useless arguments rooted in ignorance. Inadequate information makes management rely mostly on guesses and baseless assumptions that do not help the program (West, 2012). Reliance on facts reduces involvement on personal issues and eventually interpersonal conflicts. In addition, administrators need to use humor and share a common goal in debates while maintaining a balanced power structure. Furthermore,

The Social Contract of John Locke Essay Example for Free

The Social Contract of John Locke Essay Introduction The concept of the social contract comes from Socrates, as described by Plato in Crito. â€Å"Then the laws will say: ‘Consider, Socrates, if we are speaking truly that in your present attempt you are going to do us an injury. For, having brought you into the world, and nurtured and educated you, and given you and every other citizen a share in every good which we had to give, we further proclaim to any Athenian by the liberty which we allow him, that if he does not like us when he has become of age and has seen the ways of the city, and made our acquaintance, he may go where he pleases and take his goods with him. None of us laws will forbid him or interfere with him. Anyone who does not like us and the city, and who wants to emigrate to a colony or to any other city, may go where he likes, retaining his property. But he who has experience of the manner in which we order justice and administer the state, and still remains, has entered into an implied contract that he will do as we commend him. And he who disobeys us is, as we maintain, thrice wrong; first, because in disobeying us he is disobeying his parents; secondly, because we are the authors of his education; thirdly, because he has made an agreement with us that he will duly obey our commands; and he neither obeys them nor convinces us that our commands are unjust; and we do not rudely impose them, but give him the alternative of obeying or convincing us;—that is what we offer, and he does neither (Philosophy, 2011).† According to social contract theory (SCT), morality consists in the set of rules governing behavior that rational people would accept, on condition that others accept them as well (Kary, 2000). There are several implications of SCT. These implications are things that are necessary for the survival of any society (Kary, 2000). 1. Protection of life and property. This will create the need for a police force. So as to insure that murders, assault, theft and vandalism crimes are not committed. 2. Rules that would be needed to secure the benefits of social living. This is creating consequences for the breaking of contracts (e.g. promises) and a general requirement of truth-telling. 3. Protection of society against outside threats. This implication creates the need for an army. 4. Other  important stuff – these are things that are arguably, should be a part of the social contract (i.e. it would be in everyone’s interest to have them include (Kary, 2000). The caveat to that is, a society might be able to survive (if not thrive) without them. The author will discuss the different theories but more specifically John Locke’s social contract theory and how it relates to the criminal justice system and security agents. Four Main Social Contract Theories There are four critical social contract theories that the author will discuss, compare and contrast. They are: consent of the governed, natural law and constitutionalism, tacit consent and voluntarism. Consent of the Governed â€Å"Consent of the governed† is a phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence. It is synonymous with a political theory wherein a government’s legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and legal when derived from the people or society over which the political power is exercised (Bookman, 1984). This theory of â€Å"consent† is historically contrasted to the divine right of kings and has often been invoked against the legitimacy of colonialism (Bookman, 1984). There are several types of consent: unanimous consent, hypothetical consent and overt versus tacit consent (Bookman, 1984). The details of each type of consent are not discussed in this project, but are mentioned so that the reader is aware that they exist. Natural law and Constitutionalism Natural law is a law or body of laws that derives from nature and is believed to be binding upon human actions apart from or in conjunction with laws established by human authority. Constitutionalism in its simplest form is â€Å"a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law. Tacit Consent. The (law) tacit is passive approval of someone’s wrongdoing. Also it is also described as secret approval or connivance. Another way of saying this is  when one does not actually state their agreement, but does not raise any objection (in voice or in writing) to a certain course of action (i.e.; by standing mute). Voluntarism. Voluntarism is use of or reliance on voluntary action to maintain an institution, carry out a policy, or achieve an end. It is also a theory or doctrine that regards the will as the fundamental principle of the individual or the universe rather than the intellect as the fundamental agency or principle in human activities and experience. John Locke’s Social Contract Theory Social Contract Theory. Social contract is the convention between men that aims to discard the state of nature. Under state of nature people live without government or written laws. People live under principles of justice that all normal people can see through reason, they include right to life, liberty and estates. Most people seek to follow these principles but the problem is lack of explicit written laws that leads to uncertainty and difficulty to resolve disputes (Nyamaka, 2011). Nyamaka (2011) discusses the solution to the problems under state of nature becomes a social contract where people agree to obey the state, let the state make and enforce laws and people pay the state for its services. The state sets up legislatures, impartial judges and enforcers. Within this agreement the government’s duty is to protect everyone’s rights and if the government violates the social contract, people may overthrow it (Nyamaka, 2011). There are two fundamental ideas that are expressed in the social contract in which the human mind always clings the value of liberty; the idea that â€Å"will† and not force is the basis of government; and the value of justice or the idea that â€Å"right† and not â€Å"might† is the basis of all political society and every system of political order. Key Principles Now in looking at social contract theory through the reasoning eyes of John Locke’s we find that he argued that sovereignty resided in the people for whom governments were trustees and that such government could be legitimately overthrown if they failed to discharge their functions to the people (Nyamaka, 2011). Locke worked to erect effective safeguards against  violations of natural law by the government. He consistently voiced the idea that sovereign did not take all rights; the principle rights remained with the people. Locke also argued that sovereignty did not reside in the state (government) but with the people, and that the state was supreme, but only if it was bound by civil and natural law (Kary, 2000). It is to be noted that Locke believed in the governed as the basis of sovereignty and the state of the guarantor of individuals’ liberty. It needs to be understood that to Locke, under social contract power was surrendered not to the sovereign but to the comm unity. He said, â€Å"there and there only was a political society where everyone in the society had quitted his natural power, resigned it up into the hands of the community† (Nyamaka, 2011). In using the â€Å"there and there only†, Locke was emphasizing the importance of the WILL of the people in forming a political society (Nyamaka, 2011). In this society/community every member surrendered his/her natural power with free will explicitly or implicitly and resigned it in the hands of the community in exchange for the discharge of functions to the people, therefore a political society becomes with power to preserve property and punish offences (Kary, 2000). Moving through this process the author will now look at how John Locke’s theory relates to the Bill of Rights. The U.S. Bill of Rights. In looking at John Locke’s social contract theory, one sees in this process that the power cannot be more than that of the people or more than the power that the people had in a state of nature before they entered into a society and gave it to the community for nobody can give more than what he/she has. In looking at John Locke’s explanation of the term community signifies the government of the people by the people for the people, understanding this means that community rights will/should prevail over individual rights and the rights are surrendered in to community because the sovereign is the people and only comes for the people. Hence, hands of the community mean the governor who is governing by the WILL of the people (Nyamaka, 2011). Criminal Justice System and Security Settings The social contract theory established the written law of the people, constituting the fundamental goods and evils according to agreed morals.  Though Locke’s ideals of liberty were primitive in the seventeenth century, creating a contract to govern due process was the foundation for the government statues. Locke’s influence for a fair and consistent government is present with the Constitution of the law. The greater good of the community was intended with the written set of rules to govern society’s checks and balance of power by political absolutism.  Some would or may say that Locke’s theory was flawed in the seventeenth century; it enlightened the idea of a legislative body for the people and introducing the importance of a written rule of law to create a contract for society to maintain an ordered and structured means of living. Personal Rights and Ethical Standards and Obligation Personal rights are the rights that a person has over their own body. Among personal rights are associated rights to protect and safeguard the body, most obviously protected by the torts of assault and battery. Ethical standards are a type of moral philosophy. They are simply defined as principles that promote values such as good behavior, fairness, kindness and trust. Obligation is the act of binding oneself by a social, legal, or moral tie (Jackson, 2002). When it comes to social contract theory one will in some way give up some of their rights and lower their ethical standards so as to feel some level of safety within the community that they live (Jackson, 2002). Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to recognize that although individuals have a right of self-defense in the of nature, when they enter into society under the social contract, the pooling of that right transforms it into a duty to defend the community, and therefore to risk or sacrifice one’s life, liberty, or property if such defense should require it (Shankman, 2004). References Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2004, October 15). Retrieved 08 09, 2013, from lep.utm.edu: http://www.iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/#SH3b. Bookman, J. T. (1984). Lockes Contract: Would people consent to it. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 357-68. Cook, V. (2000, August 26). Epicurus. Retrieved 08 09, 2013, from www.epicurus.net: http://www.epicurus.net/en/principal.html. Jackson, A. (2002). Science of Ethics. Retrieved from Arthur M. Jackson: http://www.arthurmjackson.com/Mentor.html. Kary, J. (2000). Contract Law and the Social Contract: What Legal History Can Teach Us About the Political Theory Hobbes and Locke. 31 Ottawa Law Review 73. Nyamaka, D. M. (2011). Social Contract Theory of John Locke (1632-1740) In the Contemporary World. Selected Works, 1-15. Philosophy, S. E. (2011, January 20). Standford Enclyclopedia of Philosopy. Retrieved from Standford.Edu: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/#3. Shankman, K. (2004). Natural Law Constitutionlism and the Culture of Death. Catholic Social Science Review, 61-79. Skinner, Q. (1978). The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 2: The Age of the Reformation (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University.

Drug Use in Sports Essay -- Steroids Baseball Athletes

Substance Use in Sports Illegal substance use in sports is something that is a very new, recent, and controversial. In the last couple years many football players of all ages and other athletes have died due to use of certain substances, mainly ephedrine. Another issue that arises from this topic is the use of steroids in the major league baseball association. Players in the MLBA may not all admit to using steroids but since the league doesn’t test for any substances many players use the drug. These players also use many other supplements that are not looked upon as illegal but do alter and help how they play. This brings upon the question of how the MLBA should deal with their stance on drug testing. Many recent articles have also shown how players in sports that do test for drugs are able to get a steroid or muscle enhancement that doesn’t show up on steroid tests. This then raises the question to if technology is surpassing these drug tests then should they even be given. Steroids a nd other supplements are ruining the game of baseball. When looking at the issue more in depth one is able to find that these players are almost required to take these supplements to fit in to their lifestyles. An expectation from fans, coaches, and other players almost puts a demand to perform at the same level of everyone else. Once a majority of players begin gaining an edge then others feel obligated to attempt to keep up. Throughout this article I will further ones education on how these drugs have ruined the game of baseball and its past, what these drugs are and how they are used, and also how it is all tied together and expected in these player’s lifestyles. In May of 2002 a very controversial edition of Sports Illustrate... ... teams with more money to basically purchase all the good players. Once someone rich enough comes along they will be able to buy all the biggest and best players and cut the competition to a minimum. Whereas an end to steroids would allow for a more diversion of very good players opposed to the same players (steroid users) being on top all the time. This would bring about more fans, more excitement to the game of baseball, and a whole new look for the sport that true baseball fans would love to see. Being able to go to the ballpark again and watch down to the wire games between any teams is something that every fan wants to see. Baseball is America’s Sport and needs to be rekindled with the spirit of America as a whole, this is simply done by eliminating steroids that allow for players and the sport as a whole to misrepresent its true skill and meaning.

Flag Desecration Amendment

Central Texas College| Political Review One| Flag Desecration Amendment| Dr. Karen Waugh| Jamorion Stanford| 9/17/2012| Flag Desecration The American flag is one of the most recognizable symbols this country has today. As children, we learn in school to cross our heart with our right hand and recite the pledge of allegiance to the United States of America, while facing the flag, a beloved symbol. As a soldier in the United States Army, I proudly wear a flag as a part of my Army Combat Uniform (ACU). It is worn by soldiers like me to show the love of country, honor and commitment to this great nation.It is cherished by veterans who have fought for this country, and families of the fallen soldiers cherish it because it is a symbol that their loved one lost their life for this country. With all the great things the American flag stands for in this country, where does the right to desecrate it stand? Is it indeed a form for a person or persons to express their right of freedom of speech by the First Amendment, or an outright disrespect of a national treasure that should be protected at all costs? If so, what are those costs? Flag desecration doesn’t come as an easy choice.One would think that this would be the case, but in reality the decision is just not a simple. The decision by Congress on whether to protect the flag from desecration is not that cut and dry. Many views must be taken into consideration when delving into this issue. On one side you have the supporters whose arguments include, that burning the flag dishonors American who fought and died for this country, the 49 states that have called for Congress to pass the Amendment, and the power taken form Congress to protect the flag by the Supreme Court in 1989, was wrong and needs correcting.The opponents arguments suggest that passing such an Amendment would alter our nation’s history for the first time, that there is not enough to justify making such a change to a big part of the First Amend ment, and that flag burning is rare. The next thing to do is consider all the different point of views. When an image of the flag being desecrated is shown, many of us whether you served in the military or not, can’t help but feel disrespected. This holds true for supporters of the Flag Desecration Amendments.For Americans who fought and still fight for this country, an act of desecrating the flag is a slap in the face to the service they provide and the sacrifices they have made while serving. The flag is a national treasure not just a cloth with colors and stripes. It is symbol that stands for freedom and unites this country. Supports for the Flag Desecration Amendment strongly believe that such a national treasure should be upheld and backed by congress, so much so that 49 states have called to Congress asking that the Flag Desecration Amendment be passed.The Flag Desecration Amendment reads; Congress shall have the power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States. (How a Member Decides to Vote) The power to protect the flag is believed by supporters to have been wrongfully taken from Congress by the Supreme Court in 1989. Passing the Flag Desecration Amendment would reverse that action, and protect the sacred symbol. This amendment is about restoring a freedom to the people. The people's freedom to protect their flag, a freedom they enjoyed and exercised for 100 years. Flag Burning Debate and Poll) Supporter’s reasons of the proposed Amendment are convincing, like those of Brooke Brown, a nine year old, who wrote about the flag being a national treasure and that it should be protected, support even from a child are convincing, but there are always two sides to a story. Opponents of the Flag Desecration Amendment, propose reasons that make sense in not passing such an amendment and in doing so would lead to an ultimate betrayal of the freedoms granted to us by the First Amendment.In passing the Flag Desecration Amend ment, it would mean that if a person wanted to express political freedom of speech by desecrating the flag they could not. A proposed Amendment would undermine the First Amendment. As Americans we are granted many freedoms and the freedom of speech is a major one, so if congress were to say that a person could not express themselves and to have it in writing then what else would change. Opponents also make a point that flag burning is rare.They say that is doesn’t happen every year, but when it has that it was to express political speech as the Supreme Court held in 1989. Opponents also say that once freedoms such as this be taken away then what’s to say what else congress will regulate and subject to violations. Anna Ross, form the â€Å"How a Member Decides to Vote† module mentions, that while it might make us mad to see our flag being desecrated, it is not good enough reason to weaken one of the most important principals of democracy.The module simulation was very informative; the how a member decides to vote module shows the steps that are taken by a person in congress on voting for such a change. The process is difficult, it takes a bit of personal beliefs and also being able to be objective and have the rights of the people in mind. One must be open-minded and not be subjected by a single side. The good of all should be considered when taking a vote on a matter such as the Flag Desecration Amendment.Considering the thoughts and feeling of those for the amendment such as what it means to Americans who serve for the symbol of the flag, the 49 states that have called for a change, and for those that think a decision needs to be corrected, while not forgetting that with a passage comes a history altering change, considering that a desecration action is not a common everyday occurrence, and that there is not enough to justify undermining the freedoms given to Americans through the First Amendment.No one likes to see the symbol of our nati on, the one that unites us being hurt; it is not just a piece of fabric with colors on it, but a symbol that stands for freedom. The module shows how difficult a task this can be to undertake and personal beliefs and public interest can conflict, so it goes without saying, can we protect our symbol while upholding the First Amendment? I learned that initially I was for the Flag Desecration Amendment, it must be protected, but as I considered all the views presented surprisingly, I found that I voted NAY.I thought, although I proudly wear a flag on my ACUs, the flag was not the freedom itself but a symbol. The first amendment grants freedoms and to vote for the Flag Desecration Amendment, would take a specific freedom away. Although I fight for this country, this country is not the flag itself, it is a symbol, but what it stands for is the many freedoms granted in which I believe are the bigger picture.The combination of these points as a whole need to be considered by congressmen an d women when casting a vote on this difficult subject, one must take into account all points and try not let his or her own views be the only means on which to vote. Works Cited Flag Burning Debate, Political Debates and Polls Forum, September 17, 2012, http://www. youdebate. com/DEBATES/FLAG_BURNING. HTM The Center on Congress at Indiana University and work the â€Å"How a Member Votes† module, September 17, 2012, http://congress. indiana. edu/interactive-learning-modules, Central Texas College Blackboard

Fighting Corruption Essay

Corruption is a significant threat to global growth and financial stability. Corruption destroys public trust, undermines the rule of law, skews competition, impedes cross-border investment and trade, and distorts resource allocation. As a group of the world’s largest economies, the G20 is continuing to fight corruption and alleviate its negative impact on economic activity. There are practical steps that all G20 members can take to reduce the costs of corruption for growth and development. In 2014, the G20 developed high-level principles on beneficial ownership transparency to improve the transparency of company ownership and control. This will support a stronger investment climate and will also protect developing countries from losing further revenue. G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group (Co-chairs in 2014: Australia and Italy) G20 Leaders established the Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG) at the Toronto Summit in 2010 in recognition of the significant negative impact of corruption on economic growth, trade and development. Since 2010, the work of the ACWG has been guided by two-year action plans that include commitments by G20 countries to ratify and implement the United Nations Convention against Corruption, criminalise and prosecute foreign bribery, and cooperate with other countries to investigate, prosecute and return the proceeds of corruption. The G20 renews its pledge to fully implement actions agreed in previous action plans. In 2014, the ACWG held three meetings: A high priority for the G20 in 2014 is the effective implementation and enforcement of all outstanding G20 anti?corruption commitments. Key achievements to date include: development of the G20 High-Level Principles on Beneficial Ownership Transparency (2014) a commitment by all G20 countries to complete a self-assessment of their domestic foreign bribery frameworks, and to provide annual updates (see 2014 self-assessments by country) to the ACWG on their progress as part of the annual ACWGÂ  Accountability Report questionnaire the development of the G20 High-Level Principles on Corruption and Growth (2014) resulting from a continuing study on the impact of corruption on growth, led by the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD) development of the G20 Compendium of Good Practices for Integrity in Public Procurement (2014) development of the G20 Guiding Principles on Enforcement of the Foreign Bribery Offence (2013) and note development of the G20 Guiding Princip les to Combat Solicitation (2013) and note development of the G20 High-Level Principles on Mutual Legal Assistance (2013) and note development of the Requesting Mutual Legal Assistance In Criminal Matters from G20 Countries (2012) development of the G20 Asset Recovery Guides (by country) (2014). At the 16-17 October ACWG meeting, the Group reached agreement on the 2015-16 G20 Anti-Corruption Action Plan. The plan will guide the G20 Anti-Corruption Agenda following the completion of the current Action Plan. The ACWG has also agreed to a 2015-16 G20 Anti-Corruption Implementation Plan, which provides a detailed outline of the Group’s work program for 2015-16. Leaders endorsed the 2015-16 Action Plan at the G20 Leaders’ Summit in Brisbane in November 2014. The ACWG works closely with G20 engagement groups, including representatives of business and civil society, in implementing the G20 Anti-Corruption Agenda. In 2014, the G20 Engagement Groups have participated in every meeting of the ACWG. The G20 Anti-Corruption Roundtable in February brought together representatives of G20 engagement groups and the ACWG to discuss the future G20 Anti-Corruption Agenda. The Roundtable opening address was delivered by Australia’s Attorney-General Senator the Hon George Brandis QC. Another forum, the OECD-G20 High-Level Anti-Corruption Conference for Governments and Business in June , also involved representatives of G20 engagement groups. In addition, the B20 has recently established the Collective Action Hub, a collaborative anti-corruption information sharing forum for businesses and governments. Resources from the Anti-corruption Working Group are available on the Current Presidency page of the G20 Official Resources library.

Ohms law Essays

Ohms law Essays Ohms law Paper Ohms law Paper In this investigation I want to find out how the length of and the width of the wire affects the resistance. Resistance: An explanation of what resistance would be that resistance is the opposition of a conductor to a flow of current. It is when traveling electrons in a wire collide with the atoms of a wire. The collisions between the electrons and the atoms cause the electrons to move slower, which causes resistance. So, resistance would be how hard it is to move electrons through a wire. Resistance is measured in Ohms ( ) Resistance = resistivity p (ohm metres) x length l. Cross-sectional area A (square meters) Current flows through a wire by a flow of electric charges. Wire is made up of a lattice of positive ions, surrounded by free electrons. Ions can only vibrate about in their fixed positions but electrons are free to move randomly from one ion to another. When the battery is attached to the wire, the free electrons are repelled by the negative and attracted to the positive. They still have some random movement but they move slowly in the same direction through the wire with a steady drift. Ohms Law: In 1827, a German physicist discovered relationship that the amount of steady current through a large number of materials is directly proportional to the potential difference, or voltage, across the materials. Thus, if the voltage V (in units of volts) between two ends of a wire made from one of these materials is tripled, the current I (amperes) also triples; and the quotient V/I remains constant. The quotient V/I for a given piece of material is called its resistance, R, measured in units named ohms. The resistance of materials for which Ohms law is valid does not change over enormous ranges of voltage and current. Ohms law may be expressed mathematically as V/I = R. That the resistance, or the ratio of voltage to current, for all or part of an electric circuit at a fixed temperature is generally constant had been established by 1827 as a result of the investigations of the German physicist George Simon Ohm. Alternate statements of Ohms law are that the current I in a conductor equals the potential difference V across the conductor divided by the resistance of the conductor, or simply I = V/R, and that the potential difference across a conductor equals the product of the current in the conductor and its resistance, V = IR. In a circuit in which the potential difference, or voltage, is constant, the current may be decreased by adding more resistance or increased by removing some resistance. Ohms law may also be expressed in terms of the electromotive force, or voltage, E, of the source of electric energy, such as a battery. For example, I = E/R. With modifications, Ohms law also applies to alternating-current circuits, in which the relation between the voltage and the current is more complicated than for direct currents. Precisely because the current is varying, besides resistance, other forms of opposition to the current arise, called reactance. The combination of resistance and reactance is called impedance, Z. When the impedance, equivalent to the ratio of voltage to current, in an alternating current circuit is constant, a common occurrence, and Ohms law is applicable. For example, V/I = Z. With further modifications Ohms law has been extended to the constant ratio of the magneto motive force to the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. Resistance values in electronic circuits vary from a few ohms, W, to values in kilohms, kW, (thousands of ohms) and megohms, MW, (millions of ohms). Electronic components designed to have particular resistance values are called resistors. Hypothesis: Resistance is caused by electron bumping into irons. If the length of the wire is doubled, the electrons bump into twice as many irons so there will be twice as much as resistance (resistance as a length. ). If the cross sectional area of the wire doubles, there will be twice a many irons and twice as many electrons bumping into them, but also twice as many electrons getting through twice as many gaps. If there are twice as any electrons getting through, as there is twice the current, the resistance must have halved. This means that resistance a 1 (cross-sectional are of the wire). I am assuming that the temperatures are kept constant and that the material is kept constant. We can include this in our equations by adding a constant R=PL/A Where P=Constant R=Resistance L=Length and A=Cross-sectional area of the wire. The equation R=PL/A is found like this: We have 2 equations RAL and RAL/A If we combine them we have RA1 i L/A which becomes Ra L/A If we add a constant P then we have our equation R=PL/A Preliminary Work I will use nichrome wire, because it has more resistance compared to nickel and copper. I have chosen to test the length, as it is simple to compare the average resistance when the length has changed. I tested nichrome, nickel and copper wire and found out that nichrome is the best to use. The resistance of a wire depends on certain factors. Some of these variables are listed below:   Length of wire   Diameter of wire Temperature at which wire is at   The material of which wire is made out of   The potential difference across circuit   Cross sectional area Factors: The factors I believe that will affect what happens in the investigation are: 1) Diameter/Cross sectional area: A good example to illustrate this where two cars are travelling down a dual lane road side by side. As soon as the road changes to become a single lane road, it is impossible for the cars to travel side by side and one must stop and resume behind the other car. This same can be said for electrons in a wire, the larger the diameter/cross section, the more electrons are able to travel trough the wire at the same time. 2) Temperature: When the temperature of a metal increases the resistance of that metal increases. This is because when the temperature increases the atoms of the metal vibrate more vigorously because of the increase in energy. This means that the electrons have more difficulty getting through the wire as they collide with the atoms which are in their pathway. This increases the amount of collisions therefore there is more resistance. However it is hard to keep the temperature exactly the same as the room temperature might change from day to day. It is essential to use a low voltage because it means a low current that will not heat up the wires. If a high voltage is used the energy would be in form of heat which would make the experiment unfair. The investigation will be done at room temperature. The temperature cannot be investigated because it is hard to control the range of temperature needed without the correct apparatus. 3) Length of wire: The larger the length of the wire, the larger the resistance. This is because there are more atoms from the metal so there is more chance that the electrons would collide with one of the atoms therefore there is more resistance. The length of wire will be variable throughout the investigation. Electrons have a longer distance to travel when the wire is longer, so there are more collisions . The length of the wire will make a difference to the resistance. This is because when you have a long wire, the electrons have to squeeze together for longer to be able to pass through the wire than they do in order to be able to pass through a short wire. 4) Type of material: Different materials have different resistances because the materials atomic structures are different so some metals have low resistances and some have high resistances. Therefore it is important to keep the material the same throughout the experiment unless a different material is used to check if the conclusion or theory works for all materials.

Definition and Examples of Heat Energy

Definition and Examples of Heat Energy Most people use the word heat to describe something that feels warm, however in science, thermodynamic equations, in particular, heat is defined as the flow of energy between two systems by means of kinetic energy. This can take the form of transferring energy from a warm object to a cooler object. More simply put, heat energy, also called thermal energy or simply heat, is transferred from one location to another by particles bouncing into each other. All matter contains heat energy, and the more heat energy that is present, the hotter an item or area will be. Heat vs. Temperature The distinction between heat and  temperature  is  subtle  but very important. Heat refers to the transfer of energy between systems (or bodies), whereas temperature is determined by the energy contained within a singular system (or body). In other words, heat is energy, while temperature is a measure of energy. Adding heat will increase a bodys temperature while removing heat will lower the temperature, thus changes in temperature are the result of the presence of heat, or conversely, the lack of heat. You can measure the temperature of a room by placing a thermometer in the room and measuring the ambient air temperature. You can add heat to a room by turning on a space  heater. As the heat is added to the room, the temperature rises. Particles have more energy at higher temperatures, and as this energy is transferred from one system to another, the fast-moving particles will collide with slower moving particles. As they collide, the faster particle will transfer some of its energy to the slower particle, and the process will continue until all the particles are operating at the same rate. This is called thermal  equilibrium. Units of Heat The SI unit for heat is a form of energy called the joule (J). Heat is frequently also measured in the calorie (cal), which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5 degrees Celsius to 15.5 degrees Celsius. Heat is also sometimes measured in British thermal units or Btu. Sign Conventions for Heat Energy Transfer In physical equations, the amount of heat transferred is usually denoted by the symbol Q. Heat transfer may be indicated by either a positive or negative number. Heat that is released into the surroundings is written as a negative quantity (Q 0). When heat is absorbed from the surroundings, it is written as a positive value (Q 0). Ways of Transferring Heat There are three basic ways to transfer heat: convection, conduction, and radiation. Many homes are heated through the convection process, which  transfers heat energy through gases or liquids. In the home, as the air is heated, the particles gain heat energy allowing them to move faster, warming the cooler particles. Since hot  air is  less dense than cold air, it will rise.  As the cooler air falls, it can be drawn into our heating systems which will again allow the faster particles to heat up the air. This is considered a circular flow of air and is called a  convection current.  These currents  circle  and heat  our homes. The conduction process is the transfer of heat energy from one solid to another, basically, two things that are touching. We can see an example of this can be seen when we cook on the stove. When we place the cool pan down on the hot burner, heat energy is transferred from the burner to the pan, which in turn heats up. Radiation is a process in which heat moves through places where there are no molecules, and is actually a form of electromagnetic energy. Any item whose heat can be felt without direct connection is radiating energy. You can see this in the heat of the sun, the feeling of heat coming off a bonfire thats several feet away, and even in the fact that rooms full of people will naturally being warmer than empty rooms because each persons body is radiating heat.

Leadership theory skills approach Research Paper

Leadership theory skills approach - Research Paper Example What particular skills do effective leaders possess? Why do some leaders possess remarkable problem-solving skills while others do not? (Northouse, 2009, 47) In general, the researchers tried to find out the leadership aspects that bring about commendable performance in real-world organizations. Derived from the wide-ranging findings of the research, Mumford and associates (2000) developed a skill-oriented leadership approach. The approach is defined as a capability framework because it focuses on the correlation between the skills and knowledge of a leader and his/her actual performance. Leadership skills can be learned or acquired over time through practice, experience, and training (Northouse, 2009; Rowe & Guerrero, 2010). Not like the ‘great man’ theory, which states that leadership is limited to a talented and exceptional few, the skills model argues that most individuals have the potential to become great leaders. If individuals are able to learn or acquire positive outcomes from their experiences, they can develop leadership skills (Northouse, 2009, 47-48). Instead of highlighting the behavior or actions of leaders, the skills model views leadership as the skills and knowledge that facilitate successful leadership. The leadership skills approach resembles the trait model, but rather than placing emphasis on the traits of a leader, leader skills are regarded to be the most important ingredient for successful leadership. The leadership skills approach focuses on the behavior of the leader. Nevertheless, the skills approach argues that leadership behavior cannot be separated from its social setting (Daft, 2008). Furthermore, the skills approach implies that leadership capabilities are enhanced through experience. Knowledge is the core leadership capability that is talked about in skills theory (Lussier &