Advertisment Essay Example for Free

Advertisment Essay â€Å"Someone’s rubbish is another person’s treasure.† Trash can be utilized to depict numerous things, things like articles filthy or useless. We infrequently consider rubbish to be utilized to portray an individual for their value or their looks. The media today attempts to depict a â€Å"perfect† picture of what an individual ought to resemble when in all actuality individuals are excellent simply the manner in which they are. No one is junk. The notice that I pick was one that was advancing Gold’s Gym. The image was of a dark metal trashcan inclined marginally to one side, yet standing immovably in fine whitish yellow sea shore sand. The trashcans shadow lays to one side of it accepting that it is a little past noontime. The foundation is overflowing with hues extending from white, blue, and green in the sea and a child blue in the sky with wispy mists scarcely covering the sky. The principle object in the image is the trashcan. It is a dark metal can with a yellow shading folded over its center third. In the yellow, a book is written in dark and it says, â€Å"Keep Our Beaches Beautiful† and in littler text style says, â€Å"(and get the waste, too).† Finally, on the base â€Å"Gold’s Gym† is written in strong gold textual style, on the dark trashcan, somewhat littler than the other text style. The hues are clear interestingly, making the image warm and it makes moment satisfaction. The brilliant yellow stands apart from the dark trashcan making the eyewitness first spotlight on the trashcan and the composition. When the spectator peruses what the trashcan needs to state, they at that point watch out onto the perfect sea with the practically impeccable sand that looks as playable as a pup and as delicate as a pad. That is the perspective on lovely. The advertisement has a two sided connotation to it. The trashcan is there to keep the sea shore clean from all the refuse. Excellent. The composition on the trashcan saying, â€Å"Keep our sea shores beautiful† and afterward Gold’s Gym publicizing composed under that is advancing that individuals go and exercise at the rec center to be fit. Delightful. What is magnificence? As per this, the promotion guarantees that at any rate a piece of being excellent is working out and looking fit. Is that truly evident excellence? Individuals strive to turn into that â€Å"perfect† picture that society and the media has inserted in our brains. This was in all probability an enormously fruitful advertisement, exclusively in light of the fact that it hit near and dear with numerous individuals who have low confidence. â€Å"The ‘Beach body’ can be accomplished by pursuing a year at Gold’s Gym,† is the thing that individuals are thinking when they see this advertisement. The sea shore glances so lovely in the advertisement that individuals become propelled enough to turn out to be so they look â€Å"good† at the sea shore instead of being the â€Å"trash† on the sea shore. They simply need to fit it and have a feeling of having a place. Are individuals truly waste? The promotion sure thinks so. Despite the fact that the trashcan perspective is coordinated all the more so to the genuine junk that is on the sea shore, it despite everything represents that individuals are rubbish in the event that they are revolting. An individual can get excellent by going to Gold’s Gym, so why wouldn’t they simply do that if that were all they expected to get wonderful? Individuals these days are so centered around self-perception; ladies begin having dietary problems so as to be â€Å"beautiful†, while men think they are just excellent on the off chance that they have a six pack or immense muscles. The publicist at any rate feels that he is attractive or fit so as to have validity. They have a high feeling of confidence since they imagine that being lovely relates exclusively to a person’s appearance fairly then all in all, both all around. This advertisement is about something other than keeping sea shores clean and advancing Gold’s Gym, it is about the picture of individuals. The media has contorted the genuine picture of individuals to such an extent that on the off chance that an individual doesn’t look great, at that point they are called â€Å"trash.† Are individuals truly junk?

John Locke vs Thomas Hobbes Free Essays

Locke versus Hobbes John Locke’s faith in characteristic rights are right as far as common rights since he has confidence in opportunity, in each feeling of the word, equity and is a firm supporter in Democracy. Locke and Hobbes clashing perspectives are at their most essential structure, to accept man or not. Locke accepts that men will, with given opportunity be never-endingly acceptable. We will compose a custom article test on John Locke versus Thomas Hobbes or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Hobbes accepts something else, saying that men, in the condition of nature will battle constantly. Cliché as it sounds, their clashing perspectives help me to remember the deep rooted battle among great and shrewdness. John Locke with his new illuminated feeling of speculation in Democracy and Hobbes with his faith in a greater amount of an Autocracy, or a flat out government, stuck in the thinking about the dim ages. That is the reason Locke’s sees on all men being equivalent, everybody being naturally introduced to opportunity, popular government at its most fundamental structure and the general goodness in individuals are innately, right. Perusing portions from John Locke’s book, you will discover bunches of his contentions on fairness and opportunity of keeps an eye on essential rights, are shockingly like the establishment of which American government was framed, in the revelation of Independence. On the off chance that the absolute most noteworthy men in our nations history accepted such a great amount in Locke’s focuses on fairness and freedom that they chose to duplicate these thoughts into the archive from which they would make one of the best nations throughout the entire existence of the world, at that point shouldn’t it bear in ones psyche that these thoughts are significant? That they are too a specific degree right? These are only instances of the force Locke’s book has on the individuals who really read it. He demonstrates, over and over that with the faith in the veritable great in men, there will be little clash as long as everybody is equivalent. I for one accept that is 100% right. As much as there are a lot of terrible individuals on this planet, the trivial violations and little infractions of the law, with full equity and opportunity to all rights, the benefit of men would conquer these little troubles, and be better for it. The most effective method to refer to John Locke versus Thomas Hobbes, Essay models

Introduction to Social Venture Capital

Introduction to Social Venture Capital Governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and charities used to be the major players in the battle against some of the biggest social and environmental issues. However, due the interconnected nature of our modern societies, together with the improved technology, entrepreneurs are also looking to solve social issues.Socially responsible investing and entrepreneurship have led to the emergence of social investment funds and businesses. © Shutterstock.com | CHOATphotographerIn this guide, we will look at one aspect of socially responsible investing: social venture capital. The guide will explain what social venture capital is and how it works. We’ll look at its advantages and disadvantages for social enterprises, and reveal the key ways to attract social venture capital.WHAT IS SOCIAL VENTURE CAPITAL?Social venture capital aims at investing in a socially responsible manner in companies, which are looking to provide real social change. Social venture capital often focuses on companies that want to  solve environmental and social issues, such as alleviating poverty. The firms can aim to solve these issues either directly through their product or service, or by implementing special programs in this area.It is a highly philanthropic form of investing, as the focus is on finding companies with a strong social conscience. Despite the pivot being on socially responsible companies, social venture capital investing still emphasizes returns. It isn’t simply a form of charity work or provision of donations, social venture capitalists select investment opportunities with a healthy return on investment in mind.How does social venture capital differ from traditional venture capital?Whilst both social venture capital and traditional venture capital focus on attracting a healthy return on the investment, the two investing methods still differ in terms of their broader goals.Traditional venture capital sets maximization of the financial risk-return relation as the most important goal to achieve. On the other hand, social venture capital has a broader objective. Not only does a social venture capitalist wish to maximize the financial return, they are also interested in maximizing the social or ecological return. The focal point is on making the profit while also improving the social and environmental conditions the company is focusing on.It would be wrong to assume social capital doesn’t look at financia l returns at all. In addition, the persistent myth around social venture capital is that it “doesn’t generate attractive returns”. But recent years have shown that social venture capital can, in fact, even provide healthier returns than traditional venture capital.Research by the Responsible Investment Association Australasia (RIAA) found that responsible investment funds outperformed the ASX 300 and the average large cap Australian equities across different investment periods. Furthermore, the value of socially responsible investments increased by 24% in 2014. In the previous year, these investments had increased by 50%. Hence, the notion that social investment wouldnt be financially attractive is a fallacy that doesnt necessarily match the actual facts.Who provides social venture capital?Social venture capital is provided by specialist social venture capital firms, funds and impact investors. Many major venture capital firms tend to have special social venture capital funds operating alongside traditional funds. Furthermore, both, international and local development banks, can be a source of social venture capital.It should be noted that social venture capital investors often have different ways to define “socially responsible”. For example, certain investors focus on ensuring the funds they invest in avoid certain industries deemed harmful for common good, such as arms trade, gambling, tobacco or alcohol, for example.On the other hand, others focus on a more in-depth view on the company’s business model. These individual investors might focus on finding companies which target a specific social goal or which operate under a fairer business model, such as improved minimum wage.The focus of social venture capital firms is often on the developing world. The investments are directed to developing countries and companies operating in these countries. Nonetheless, social investments are on the rise in the developed world as well and attract significant amounts of funding.TYPES OF SOCIAL VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTORSIf we look at the types of social venture capital investors, we can see the different approach investors take on this investment method. The types of social venture capital investors include:Social venture accelerators â€" These are similar to Seed Accelerators. The focus is on providing seed funding to start-ups with potential to scale. Like traditional seed accelerators, social venture accelerators often focus on tech-based companies.Social incubators and funds â€" Social incubators and funds are another form of social venture investing. The focus of incubators is to provide start-ups and entrepreneurs with facilities and funding. In addition, there are special social incubator funds, which focus on social investment intermediaries that generally carry a higher financial risk.Non-profit oriented funding â€" Certain investors tend to focus more on non-profit investing. Social venture capital is often the perfect match for non-profit looking to deliver social impact while maintaining a social enterprise pattern.Business Angels â€" Finally, you have business angels, investing in start-ups and private companies.Social venture capital’s successes in providing healthy returns for investors have accelerated the setting up of different funds and firms. Some of the more famous social venture capital firms include:Acumen FundGrassroots Business FundTriodos BankOmidyar NetworkHOW DOES SOCIAL VENTURE CAPITAL WORK?The basic premise of social venture capital is similar to traditional venture capital. Essentially, the investor invests capital in a company and later receives a return.As traditional venture capital, social venture capital aims at finding the entrepreneurs and start-ups with products and services that offer growth potential. Once these start-ups are identified, capital is provided to help the company fulfill its potential.Whilst the most important metric for venture capitalists is profit and finan cial return, social venture capitalists focus on other metrics during the investment period as well. To social venture capitalists the metrics that matter include:Financial profitabilityBusiness development (scalability)The social mission/ecological impact of the businessTherefore, the objective isn’t only about the financial return and social venture capital typically cashes out only once the social enterprise realizes a return on all of the above metrics.  This means that once the enterprise has achieved the desired social or ecological goal, together with a financial return, the return is distributed back to the investor.Social ventures can utilize a range of funding options. The most forms of social venture funding include:Debt capitalMezzanine capitalEquity investment â€" Social venture capital firms also use equity investment through preferred shares.Furthermore, in many instances, social ventures combine the use of debt capital with mezzanine capital.THE ADVANTAGES AND DISA DVANTAGES OF RAISING SOCIAL VENTURE CAPITAL FOR SOCIAL ENTERPRISESSimilar to venture capital funding, social venture capital also provides its share of advantages and disadvantages. If a social enterprise is considering social venture capital as a funding option, the following points are important to keep in mind.The advantages of social venture capitalMany of the advantages of social venture capital are similar to traditional venture capital. Enterprises are not only able to attract capital; they will also receive the experience of the investor. Social venture capitalists can provide guidance to these enterprises and therefore, guarantee they unlock their potential quicker.In addition, the social venture capital investment model offers a relaxed repayment model. As with traditional venture capital funding, the schedule to return the investment is flexible and businesses can focus on the essentials at the start.Furthermore, social venture capital provides quick and sufficient fundin g to social enterprises. Socially responsible companies often focus on projects, which are both large scale and take time to implement. Social venture capitalists understand this point of view and are able to provide the initial capital to kick-start these projects.But social venture capital adds additional advantages as well. Most importantly, the conditions to obtain capital are often better compared to traditional venture capital. As social venture capital doesn’t simply focus on the financial returns, investors are willing to provide capital cheaper, as it might take a longer time for a social business to turn profitable.Finally, social enterprises naturally would benefit from social venture capital due to aligned interests and goals. Since both parties in the deal are aiming to earn money, as well as to create a social impact, it is easier to reach common ground.The disadvantage of social venture capitalThere are disadvantages to social venture capital as well. Since investor s also emphasize the financial returns together with specific social or ecological requirements, the criteria to attract this investment can be challenging. Start-ups and entrepreneurs might struggle to find investors willing to fund their business. Furthermore, similarly to venture capital, the amount of control involved can occur detrimental for new enterprises.While social venture capital focuses on other metrics of success, they still emphasize the ROI as well. However, social entrepreneurs often don’t have a self-sustainable financial model implemented right from the start. Therefore, start-ups might find other financing alternatives more suitable, as the focus wouldn’t be as heavily on the financial return. For example, crowdfunding, while expecting a return of some kind, doesn’t necessarily focus on a financial return. Furthermore, social enterprises might find philanthropy and donations better to support the social cause of the business.In addition, since social enterp rises don’t have a strong self-sustained financing model in place, the dependency on social venture capital can increase. The enterprises can be inflexible when it comes to the identity structure on leveraging capital. This can be due to inability to provide a clear exit strategy, as the enterprise is often focused on generating long-term impact. Therefore, the use of other funding channels, such as network investments and bank debt, can be limited. Social venture capital can easily become the easiest route to financing, which has then the disadvantage of increasing reliance on the method.WHAT ARE THE KEYS TO ATTRACTING SOCIAL VENTURE CAPITAL?Since the nature of social enterprises is different compared to other enterprises, the expectations of social venture capitalists are also different, as the above shows. As mentioned, finding social venture capital funding can be a challenge. Nonetheless, it is possible to ease the attractiveness of the enterprise by following the below point s.Alignment between financial and social missionSince investors are looking for financial returns together with social impact, enterprises need to find a strong alignment between the two goals. The enterprise must have a compelling and effective social mission, while also laying out strong foundations for being a profitable business.If the enterprise is able to demonstrate its ability to deliver meaningful social impact, while promising healthy financial returns, social venture capital will follow. The crucial point is to understand that both models should complement and support one another. If either one of the goals seems unattainable, social venture capitalists will have a hard time justifying investment.A proper management teamLike any venture capitalist, a social venture capitalist will want a strong management team behind the business. Perhaps even more so in the case of social venture capital, as these investors tend to trust teams more than individuals.For socially responsib le companies a well-run management team is beneficial because it leaves more room for individuals to focus on different aspects of running the business. Since investors are looking to achieve a number of goals, a larger team can help them feel more relaxed, as each aspect is properly taken care of.Strong ways to measure social impactFinancial success is simple to measure, as you focus on financial metrics to measure when a goal is reached. But since social venture capital is also interested in the social impact, the business must implement strategies for measuring the social impact.Measuring social impact can be difficult, especially as start-ups tend to struggle with resources. Nevertheless, it is essential to highlight the different ways impact can be monitored for potential investors.Understanding the best ways to monitor the impact can further help define the objective. It can bring much needed clarity, as the business can become more aware of what it is trying to achieve.For ex ample, if the aim is to help young people launch their careers, the enterprise can measure their success by looking at the number of young people they’ve helped to get work or the amount of young people attending their work skill seminars.A sustainable and promising business modelFinally, social enterprises must focus on providing investors with a sustainable and promising business model. Since social venture capitalist are looking for scalability, the business model must highlight how it tries to achieve this, together with financial and social returns.For more tips on attracting capital as a social enterprise, check out the below video: SOCIAL VENTURE CAPITAL â€" THE NEXT BIG THING?Annual global venture capital investments stood at $48.3 billion in 2014. Venture capital has helped a number of famous companies, such as Facebook and Twitter, to succeed, while these companies have had an impact on how we live our lives. Social venture capital is attempting to harness this effective ness to ensure socially responsible companies alleviate some of society’s biggest struggles.In the past, most social issues have been left for non-profit organisations and national governments to solve. But national governments are often faced with issues such as underfunding and high levels of bureaucracy. On the other hand, venture capitalists have tended to focus on finding investment opportunities that focus on providing hefty financial returns. But social venture capital meets these two opposite ends in the middle and combines the aspirations of the two.Social venture capital can help companies provide change that is more meaningful. Technological innovation has proven especially useful in helping eradicate social issues from providing clean drinking water to connect rural small businesses with larger companies. Social venture capital has the potential to direct the wealth of available funds in an effective manner towards projects, which have a bigger social or ecological imp act on local communities.The last decade has seen a number of high profile social venture capital investments. J.P. Morgan and the Global Impact Investing Network researched 125 major funds, foundations, and development finance institutions and these groups made $46 billion sustainable investments in 2014. In 2015, one of the biggest destinations for social venture capital, India, saw these types of investments increase by 8%.The shift is not simply in investment numbers, but also in investor attitudes. US Trust’s research highlights nearly 70% of millennials consider investments as a way to express social and environmental values. The percentage of older generations, which agreed with this notion, hovered around 30%.National governments have jumped on board with social venture capital. In the UK, the government proposed to provide a 30% tax relief for social venture capital trusts. Changes such as these are likely to enhance the attractiveness of social venture capital, for both the investors and the entrepreneurs. Social venture capital has the potential to help solve the big social dilemmas of the 21st century.

Abraham Maslow And His Hierarchy Of Needs - 1519 Words

Researching, understanding, and theorizing about human needs started with Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs. Maslow theorized that humans had certain needs that motivated them to act. These needs start with basic biological needs like food and water and end with self-actualization needs like morality. John Burton in the 1990’s applied this theory to conflict resolution in his book Conflict: Human Needs Theory. Burton discusses how if certain human needs are not met a conflict can occur between the minorities who do not have their basic needs fulfilled (security, identity, recognition) and the majority who is taking away those basic needs. Human Needs Theory has been applied to the intractable conflicts from Cyprus to Ireland. Walsh (2016), in her textual analysis of the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, discusses how human needs theory is useful when using consociationism as a means to resolve a conflict. Walsh found that an understanding of human needs theory is necessary for consociationism to work when applied to a conflict and can be applied to resolve conflicts by providing human needs to minorities. Turkey is not considered an intractable conflict nor is it at the point where consociationism is necessary but Walsh highlights a conflict where human needs theory is relevant and how it helped to resolve the problems. Instead of focusing on one case of human needs, Christie examines on how human issues needs also arise when structural violence isShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs And Humanistic Psychology848 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch is Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow is best known for his work in creating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Humanistic Psychology. There are many things that came out of Maslow’s findings, how he contributed to psychology, how he influenced the field of psychology, and how his findings are still used in today’s society. Maslow’s approach to psychology differed from other psychologist in his time. One of the things that Maslow developed was the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The Hierarchy of NeedsRead MoreMaslows Theory1321 Words   |  6 PagesBiography Abraham Harold Maslow, the founder of humanistic psychology, was born in New York City on April 1, 1908 and died at home in California in 1970 (Maslow, Abraham Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography, 2010) (Abraham H. Maslow: a Bibliography: Professional biography, 1970). He received his AB, MA, and PhD in psychology from the University of Wisconsin (1970). His work as a United States (U.S.) psychologist started in 1932 after he started working as a teaching fellow (1970). Maslow also taughtRead MoreMaslows Hierarchy of Needs and Implications for Head Start Families1381 Words   |  6 PagesMASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Implications for Head Start Families Introduction Abraham Maslow was a prominent theorist that played a role in the formation of humanistic psychology. Maslow worked on a theory that would accommodate human motivation. The concept that behavior is motivated primarily by a person’s desired to fulfill a specific need. He proposed that is was our inner nature that we had basic needs that we strive to meet. Then as those needsRead MoreAn Unique And Individual Perspective Essay873 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective to psychology from Abraham Maslow Abstract: This paper will examine the life and career of Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow founded his principles for psychology upon his definition of what he called the Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow began his research by studying the human behavior because he wanted to understand what motivated everyday people, which he believed was unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires. In What is Psychology? it states that, Maslow believed that the pathway to achievingRead MoreMaslow s Motivation And Personality1604 Words   |  7 Pagesof Maslow’s Motivation and Personality, the theorist Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to Russian - Jewish immigrants. While Maslow’s father was uneducated, he pushed his son academically and encouraged him to become a lawyer. Maslow began his extensive education at City College of New York but later told his father that he did not want to study law. In 1928, after marrying his wife Berta, he transferred to the University of WisconsinRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Influence On The Human Psyche1660 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat people are Abraham Maslow. He is cited as one of the top ten psychologists of all time, which is not an easy task to achieve. Abraham Maslow was born on April 1 in 1908 in Brooklyn New York. He comes from a Jewish background with his parents coming from Russia as immigrants to the United States of America. Maslow’s childhood was not a good or easy one as one would think of such a successful person. His father and mother more times than not often ill treated him, which led to his poor self esteemRead MoreAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality1082 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Abraham Maslow grew up in Brooklyn, New York, the first of seven children born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. His parents were uneducated, but they insisted that he study law. Maslow later described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. At first, Abraham acceded to their wishes and enrolled in theRead MoreEssay on Maslow Hierarchy of Needs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs This essay study is about Maslows school of thought. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. I liked the way he differed from traditional psychologists. For example, he studied happy, high performing people to learn more about what they had in common. Maslows main contributions to psychology were the founding of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology in 1961. There were many occurrences during his lifetime thatRead More Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Biography Abraham Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first born of seven. His parents were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia to the United States before he was born. They came to America to get away from the harsh conditions and socio-political turmoil. His parents, hoping for their children to do better than they did, pushed for educational excellence. He grew up with almost no friends to play with because his father would make him study forRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization772 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow s famous work â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† has drawn admiration and criticisms from supporters and opponents alike. For Maslow, man quest for self-actualization falls within five hierarchical orders set up in a pyramid style. To become everything that one is capable of becoming, Maslow, noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow the standard progression . Further, humans are motivated by their needs and self-actualization

Eudora Welty s A Worn Path - 956 Words

Introduction James Saunders wrote an interesting article â€Å"’A Worn Path’ The Eternal Quest of Welty’s Phoenix Jackson† (The Southern Literary Journal 25.1, Fall 1992: p62-73.) that not only analyzed Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† (The Collected Works of Eudora Welty) from his perspective but also included the perspectives of other authors which makes his article an excellent source for interpretations of ‘A Worn Path’. Summary Saunders article summarizes Phoenix Jackson as a symbol of the Christian religion and articulates the interpretation that her journey has biblical meaning. She is also compared to the mythical phoenix. Saunders own view of Phoenix Jackson was that she was a symbol for racial equality, who through love, perseverance and being one with nature displayed that symbolism. In my own paper â€Å"Character Analysis of Phoenix Jackson† (21 April 2106, unpublished paper) I saw Phoenix as a symbol of the hardships of being black in the South prior to the civil rights movement and the social, racial and economic adversity that needed to be overcome. Thesis My argument finds strong support in Saunders article, his analysis of it being essential that Phoenix Jackson is black. The crucial comparison between Phoenix Jackson and the mythical Phoenix, and his reminder of the social climate when Welty wrote her story (Saunders) all reinforce my theory that Phoenix Jackson symbolized social, racial and economic adversity from the 1860s to 1960s. (1) Topic 1 – Dialect and RaceShow MoreRelatedEudora Welty s A Worn Path1560 Words   |  7 PagesA person’s journey can have symbols that come through everyone’s life. Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. In â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty, Eudora describes symbols by using people that come through Phoenix’s path while she’s in her journey to Natchez. Eudora uses a nickel, marble cake, big dead trees, mistletoe, and a white hunter to symbolize Phoenix’s difficulties and obstacles that she had to go through in order to get to her destination. In the short story, PhoenixRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path1481 Words   |  6 PagesA very famous writer and novelist, Eudora Welty, has written many short stories and novels. Welty’s work is mainly focused with great precision on the regional manners of people inhabiting a small Mississippi town that resembles her own birthplace and the Delta country. Welty was born on April 13, 1909 and was raised by her close-knit and loving parents. In fact, Welty inherited the love of language from her mother. During her lifetime, Welty has earned many awards from her short stories and novelRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path970 Words   |  4 Pagesstrength to achieve any goal, or conquer any obstacle in life. In Eudora Welty s A Worn Path, her main protagonist, Mrs. Phoenix Jackson, perfectly displays the strength that a human possess. Despite being of old age, poor and out of shape, Mrs. Jackson s strength defies these odds on the worn path that she walks daily. Human strength i s abundant in A Worn Path, as the author shows the reader the reason why mankind is so strong. Welty demonstrates that love is what makes Mrs. Jackson, and everyoneRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path856 Words   |  4 Pages Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† demonstrations how people in the early twentieth century could not see past the color of one’s skin and the hardships which are faced because of this blindness. Welty short story demonstrations these difficulties with Phoenix Jackson and her journey to town. Through symbolism and motifs and even the symbolism has double meaning. For example, â€Å"seem like there is chains about my feet† (Welty 1) as her path is face with a hill. Yes, it could be just the hardship of theRead MoreEudora Welty s `` A Worn Path ``2399 Words   |  10 PagesEudora Welty was a renowned American author who used literary themes and devices to describe the complexities of the human mind and soul. Through her short stories, Welty paints a vivid portrait based on morals, hardships, and human relationships. In her stores, Welty combines this with humor and psychological acuity to allow the audience a glimpse into the lives of her characters and to learn something of themselves in the process. Two of her most famous short works are â€Å"Death of a Traveling Salesman†Read MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path854 Words   |  4 Pages Eudora Welty’s A Worn Path portrays an elderly woman, Phoenix, who endures a regular, strenuous journey into town to receive medicine for her grandson from a charitable pharmacy. She encounters difficulty aroused by nature and disapproving townspeople but triumphs and succeeds her goal. The use of characterization and symbolism creates A Worn Path by representing a strong and significant protagonist, as well as offering a symbolic meaning of life and courage when faced with love. The short storyRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path992 Words   |  4 Pages23, but he k eeps limping forward. Phoenix Jackson, the elderly woman in Eudora Welty’s, â€Å"A Worn Path†, is a lot like the injured runner. It is her astounding bravery and her innate cunning, along with her eternal love for her grandson, which gives her the ability to endure the hardships of her journey to get her grandson’s medicine. Phoenix Jackson is able to overcome each obstacle and adversity she encounters along the path due to her unending perseverance. Phoenix Jackson is described as a frailRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path946 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"A Worn Path narrator by Eudora Welty, of an elderly African American woman takes a journey with the purpose of obtains medication for her grandson while facing many problematic obstacles. Phoenix Jackson is fragile with poor vision old lady that â€Å"Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush.† (649). Phoenix ability to see was difficult for her to walk the path that she remembers so clearly but wish nothing to stand in her way. The legendary Phoenix symbolizes renewalRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path1877 Words   |  8 Pagesis a symbol of evil or death. This literary technique helps the reader understand a deeper meaning of the central message that the author is trying to portray. In this case, Eudora Welty uses symbolism like a powerful tool. A manifold of symbolic connotations can be made in â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty. â€Å"A Worn Path† is a short story about an old black woman named Phoenix Jackson. She has to make this long journey to town in order to get medicine for her ill grandson; she is all he has gotRead MoreAnalysis Of Jack London And Eudora Welty s A Fire And A Worn Path 1406 Words   |  6 PagesEng. 120 Carolyn Maynard Professor Kirkby 06/18/ 2015 C/C #1 Two Troublesome Journeys In the stories To Build a Fire and A Worn Path, Jack London and Eudora Welty tell the stories of two protagonists going on arduous journeys during the winter. Phoenix Jackson, the protagonist of A Worn Path, is an elderly lady hardened by the trials of life as a black woman living in the Southern United States, prior to the Civil Rights Era. She is surprisingly limber, resilient, and healthy for her age and has

An Analysis of Leadership Models Free Essays

string(35) " much to improve job satisfaction\." UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY CHANDARIA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS COURSE CODE: BUS6030 COURSE TITLE: LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE LECTURER: Prof. C. Getecha Yusuf Saleh Term Paper: An analysis of Leadership Models Table Contents Abstract —————————————————————————————————— 1 Transactional Leadership ———————————————————————————- 2 Advantages of Transactional leadership ————————————————————– 3 Disadvantages of Transactional leadership ———————————————————- 4 Examples of Transactional leadership ——— ——————————————————- 4 Charismatic Leadership ———————————————————————————— 5 Advantages of charismatic leaders ——————————————————————– 6 Disadvantages of charismatic leaders —————————————————————– 6 Examples of Charismatic Leadership ——————————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 7 Transformational Leadership —————————————————————————– 9 Advantages of Transformational leadership ——————————————————– 11 Disadvantages of Transformational leadership —————————————————– 11 Examples of Transformational Leaders ————————————————————- 12 References ————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 14 Abstract Leadership theories have evolved over time into various types, each with a different perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Leadership Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each theory provides a model for effectively steering an organization. Three contemporary theories are widely applied in organizations today; Transactional Leadership, Charismatic leadership and finally transformational leadership. Each of these theories has its strong points weaknesses and challenges in real world application. These are not by any means the only theory – there are many others applied in other leadership situations. A lot of management research has gone into finding the perfect leadership solution. In this paper, we will review three leadership theories, their pros and cons and discuss examples of each theory. Page 1 Transactional Leadership Transactional Leadership model Leadership style plays a crucial role in the development of an organization. It is a leadership style that is often used by many companies assumes that people are motivated strictly by reward and punishment. This style generally does not appeal to the values, morals, or other intrinsic characteristics of most people. The transactional leader is highly focused on task, provides very clear direction, and oversees productivity in detail. When a subordinate fails, the next step is a penalty or punishment. The introduction of the task versus people orientation and the idea of leadership styles are widely accepted today. The model does have a downside, however: It does not consider other potential factors that may influence outcomes and therefore affect leadership effectiveness. While a two-dimensional task-versus-people perspective might be a helpful way to talk about leader behaviors, it by no means tells the whole story about leadership. Research continues to this day on these important questions, and this has led to additional new theories of leadership (Yukl, Gary A. Yukl). Assumptions ? ? ? ? ? Style The transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. Transactional leadership believes that punishment and reward motivate people People are motivated by reward and punishment. Social systems work best with a clear chain of command. When people have agreed to do a job, a part of the deal is that they cede all authority to their manager. The prime purpose of a subordinate is to do what their manager tells them to do. Page 2 The early stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby the subordinate is given a salary and other benefits, and the company (and by implication the subordinate’s manager) gets authority over the subordinate. The „transaction’ is the money or any other award that the company pays to its subordinates for their compliance and effort (Kurnik, 2012). When the Transactional Leader allocates work to a subordinate, they are considered to be fully responsible for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding). The transactional leader often uses management by exception, working on the principle that if something is operating to defined (and hence expected) performance then it does not need attention. Exceptions to expectation require praise and reward for exceeding expectation, whilst some kind of corrective action is applied for performance below expectation. Transactional leadership has more of a „telling style’. Transactional leadership is based on the fact that reward or punishment is dependent on the performance. Even though researchers have highlighted its limitations, transactional leadership is still prevalent in real workplace and more companies are adopting transactional leadership to increase the performance of its employees. This approach is. Whereas Transformational Leadership has more of a ‘selling’ style, Transactional Leadership, once the contract is in place, takes a ‘telling’ style. Advantages of Transactional leadership This method works in most of the cases, where it’s applied, provided the employees are motivated by rewards. It is a proven compliance strategy, which works best if the top most leader in the hierarchy is capable of making most of the important decisions and is a strong personality. Page 3 Disadvantages of Transactional leadership A powerful and assertive leader will find the transactional model conducive to his way of running things. However, though he will create great followers, he will stunt their growth as leaders. When people get used to doing just what they are told and only as much they are told, they stop thinking ‘out of the box’. Original thinking is not really promoted in this system, because of which, an obedient workforce will be created with a lack of imagination. New leaders will be tough to find from the lower strata of power hierarchy. This leadership model will create a stressful work environment. Productivity will be maintained but innovations and breakthroughs will be tough to find. Examples of Transactional leadership In practice, there is sufficient truth in Behaviorism to sustain Transactional approaches. This is reinforced by the supply-and-demand situation of much employment, coupled with the effects of deeper needs, as in Maslow’s Hierarchy. When the demand for a skill outstrips the supply, then Transactional Leadership often is insufficient, and other approaches are more effective. The main limitation of this leadership is that it assumes that people are largely motivated by simple rewards. Under transactional leadership, employees can’t do much to improve job satisfaction. You read "An Analysis of Leadership Models" in category "Essay examples" Transaction leadership has been ineffective in providing skilled employees to their organization. This style of leadership is least interested in changing the work environment. Experts do not recommend this approach. Transactional leadership focuses more on management of punishments and rewards (Kurnik, 2012). Page 4 Charismatic Leadership The sociologist Max Weber defined charismatic authority in 1947 as â€Å"resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him. † Charismatic authority is one of three forms of authority laid out in Weber’s tripartite classification of authority, the other two being traditional authority and rational-legal authority. The concept has acquired wide usage among sociologists. Weber in his writings about charismatic authority, Weber applies the term charisma to â€Å"a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader1 Charismatic authority is as said to be power legitimized on the basis of a leader’s exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment, which inspire loyalty and obedience from followers. ] As such, it rests almost entirely on the leader; the absence of that leader for any reason can lead to the authority’s power dissolving. However, due to its individual nature and lack of formal organization, charismatic authority depends much more strongly on the pe rceived legitimacy of the authority than Weber? s other forms of authority. Charismatic leaders can lead organizations into new areas, inspire followers, and sometimes obtain extraordinary performance and results from an organization. Conger Kanungo (1998) articulates the five characteristics of charismatic leaders. ? ? Vision and articulation; Sensitivity to the environment; 1 Weber, Maximillan. Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Chapter: â€Å"The Nature of Charismatic Authority and its Routinization† translated by A. R. Anderson and Talcott Parsons, 1947. Originally published in 1922 in German under the title Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft chapter III,  § 10 2 Kendall, Diana, Jane Lothian Murray, and Rick Linden. Sociology in our time (2nd ed. ), 2000. Scarborough, On: Nelson, 438-439. Page 5 ? ? ? Sensitivity to member needs; Personal risk taking; Performing unconventional behaviour. Advantages of charismatic leaders 1) They can sense the gap between what an organization is giving to its followers and what its followers require from the organization. Therefore they are able to create a vision that is in line with these requirements. ) Since members of the organization feel that they re part of this vision they are part of this vision, they support the goals of the organization (employee loyalty) Disadvantages of charismatic leaders 1). Followers may find this transformation uncomfortable and disrupti ve to the workplace or to them personally. Others may have difficulty relating to the leader’s vision of the future. Charismatic leaders also rely heavily on their personal charm, and perceptions, which could be significantly influenced by rumors or â€Å"negative press. † 2) They cause more harm than good. eg Adolf Hitler. 3) They lack of Successors and Visionaries. A charismatic leader often retains the majority of the control in the office because he believes in himself so much. He may have difficulty turning over control to others because he enjoys having the control or doesn’t feel anyone else is able to handle the duties like he can. This type of situation potentially leaves the company without any knowledgeable successors should the charismatic leader leave the company. Without giving others the authority and freedom to take some of the control, the company’s vision for the future is limited to the ideas of the leader. This type of environment may also squash some of the creative problem solving from other employees in the company, particularly if any ideas presented are pushed aside by the leader. 4) A charismatic leader sometimes gets so caught up in his control that he is unable to clearly see potential dangers with the company. The confidence he has in his abilities makes him feel that the company’s success will continue indefinitely. If he doesn’t have any other management Page 6 personnel on the same level with the same information, he may potentially miss a threat to the company’s financial welfare. 5) Overreliance on the leader. The charismatic leader wins over the employees of the company with his motivational leadership style. While employees may find inspiration in this type of leadership, they may also rely too heavily on the person in charge. The employees begin associating the success of the company solely with the leader. They may fail to see that all employees are a valuable part of making the company a success. This saddles the leader with a huge responsibility for both keeping the company running and motivating the staff. Examples of Charismatic Leadership Bill Clinton He was considered one of the most charismatic leaders of our times. Clinton connected and inspired. He had an ability to make his audience feel as though as individuals they were each the most important person in the room. His use of eye contact, infectious smile and self-awareness ensured that he made a powerful impact on those he met. No wander he was the president with the highest opinion poll ratings at the time of leaving the presidency, even though his tenure had been marred by the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Obama is a charismatic leader, during his inauguration as the 44th president U. S. A; over 2 million people were present. He accomplished fetes such as managing to raise funds in an unprecedented fashion, that is, small sums of money from numerous persons . He has been applauded as an outstanding orator, captive speaker and brilliant man. He inspires his followers, moves them to tears and gives the hope. He feverishly wooed the citizens to vote for him. Adolf Hitler Hitler gained this ‘charismatic status’ partially because of his political skill and magnetism. He had experienced considerable success in cutting the unemployment figures and this was essential. However, it was somewhat overshadowed by his unshakeable conviction in his own Page 7 historical role. Hitler often spoke of a ‘mission’ and claimed ‘I go with the certainty of a sleepwalker along the path laid out for me by Providence’. It was this ‘mission’ achievable only for Hitler, which allowed him to transcend bureaucratic processes and become ‘charismatic’. 3 3 Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (ed. ) Nazism 1919-1945 Volume II: State, Economy and Society 1933-1939 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000) Page 8 Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership occurs when a leader takes a visionary position and inspires people to follow. James MacGregor Burns (1978) 1 first introduced the concept of transforming leadership in his descriptive research on political leaders. According to MacGregor, transforming leadership is a process in which â€Å"leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation†. MacGregor differentiated between leadership and management, and related them to characteristics and behaviors. According to MacGregor, the transforming approach creates significant change in people and organizations by changing the employee expectations and aspirations. This is because it redesigns the perceptions and values. Unlike in transactional approach, it is not based on a â€Å"give and take† relationship but on the leader? s personality and abilities, articulation of an energizing vision and challenging goals. He theorized that transforming and transactional leaders were mutually exclusive styles. Bernard M. Bass (1985), expanded upon MacGregor? s work (1985) by explaining the psychological mechanisms that underlie transforming and transactional leadership. Bass used â€Å"transformational† instead of â€Å"transforming† original ideas to develop what is today referred to as Bass? Transformational Leadership Theory. 2 According to Bass, transformational leadership can be defined based on the impact that it has on followers. According to Bass, transformational leaders earn trust, respect and admiration from their followers. Transformational leadership can be found at all leadership levels in an organization. These leaders are seen to have a charismatic appeal in that they are visionary, enthusiastic, passionate, daring, inspiring, energetic, risk takers and thoughtful thinkers. However, charisma alone may not be sufficient to transform an organization. To gear changes, the leaders must exhibit the factors of transformational leadership. The four different components of transformational leadership as suggested by Bernard M. Bass: ? Intellectual Stimulation – Transformational leaders not only challenge the status quo; they also encourage creativity among followers. The leader encourages followers to explore new ways of doing things and new opportunities to learn. Page 9 ? Individualized Consideration – Transformational leadership also involves offering support and encouragement to individual followers. In order to foster supportive relationships, transformational leaders keep lines of communication open so that followers feel free to share ideas and so that leaders can offer direct recognition of each follower? s unique contributions. ? Inspirational Motivation – Transformational leaders have a clear vision that they are able to articulate to followers. These leaders are also able to help followers experience the same passion and motivation to fulfill these goals. ? Idealized Influence – The transformational leaders serves as a role model for followers. Because followers trust and respect the leader, they emulate the leader and internalize his Assumptions People follow a person who inspires them A person with vision and passion can achieve great things Enthusiasm and energy get things done. Leadership style The leadership style adopted is â€Å"selling type†. This involves: Developing the vision – transformational leadership beginnings with development of a vision. This may be done by senior managers, the leader or the team. The leaders then buy and sink into the vision. Selling the vision – the leader then constantly sells the vision to the followers. The leaders seek adoption of the vision through creating trust and any means available to convince the followers. Seeking the way forward – this goes along with the selling activity. Some leaders know the way and simply want others to follow, while others happily lead the exploration of possible routes since they do not have a ready strategy. With a clear vision, though the direction may not be very clear, it is always known. Since this is an ongoing process, a transformational leader will accept the failures and content with whatever progress that is made. Page 10 Leading the charge – the final stage and most critical is that the leader takes the lead and remains central during the action. This is where the leader is a role model –setting the examples by not idling behind their troops. Their unrelenting commitment keeps the team focused. These leaders are people oriented and thus strike a balance between the task and the followers. Transformational leadership borrows a lot from relationship theories also known as transformational theories. Emphasis is laid more on the link formed between the leaders and the followers. The leader inspires and motivates the group to see the importance and significance of the task, but also wants each individual to fulfill their potential. Advantages of Transformational leadership ? This kind of leadership style often brings out high ethical and moral standards. Since the team is all geared towards achieving the organizational task as well as their individual goals. ? Produces a highly energized work force, which is essential to achieve organizational goals. It enables maximization of synergy in the team. Disadvantages of Transformational leadership ? Since the style emphasizes on impression management, it leads to a moral self glorification/ promotion by the leaders. ? Due to the influence emphasis, the followers may be manipulated by the leaders to lose more than they actually gain. ? ? The energy applied by leaders can wear out the followers making them give up. The passion and confidence can easily be mistaken as reality. This may lead to mistakes with consequences being adopted. Though transformational leaders are charismatic, they are not like pure charismatic leaders who succeed through their individualism since they believe in others. Page 11 The leadership style is almost impossible to teach or train since it? s a combination of leadership theories and personal attributes Examples of Transformational Leaders Nelson Mandela South Africa was a racially polarized country for many decades. Nelson Mandela was able to humanize the apartheid leading to the emergence of a nation now recognized globally. His was able to use his charisma to synchronize the haves and have-nots towards a common cause – transforming the nation from the polarity caused by the racial and wealth factors. Mahtama Gandhi Prior to the British occupation, India was amongst the leading goods exporting nation. The British rule was highly mechanized with modern industrial power; they successfully eliminated the local Indian artisans? infrastructure turning India into a big importer and consumer nation. Different leaders were contemplating different ways to drive British in India; he sought to understand the reason for colonialism. According to Mahatma, the way to resist the British was through non violent ways to become self reliant and stop consuming English products. He therefore opted for persistent mass movements that would eventually prove expensive to the British Rule. Gandhi inspires various leaders including South African Nelson Mandela and various movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Sam Walton Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart, often visited Wal-Mart stores across the country to meet with associates to show his appreciation for what they did for the company. Sam Walton gave â€Å"rules for success† in his autobiography, one of which was to appreciate associates with praise (Walton, 1996). Page 12 Jack Welch He was Chairman and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001. During his tenure at GE, the company’s value rose 4,000% and was the most valuable company in the world for a while. Having taken GE with a market capitalization of about $12 billion, Jack Welch turned it into one of the largest and most admired companies in the world, with a market value of about $500 billion, when he stepped down as its CEO 20 years later, in 2000. Although Jack Welch was a celebrated leader of a global manufacturer often noted for its technological prowess, he utilized a very human process to drive change through GE’s vast organization. Having respect for the individual as a pivotal force in organizational change, Welch created a model of exceptional performance every corporate leader can learn from. Page 13 References Lussier/Achua 3rd edition. Effective Leadership. Course text Kurnik, E. (2012). Transactional Leadership. Retrieved March 3, 2012, from HubPages Inc: http://edikurnik. hubpages. com/hub/Transactional-Leadership Yukl, G. A. (Gary A. Yukl). Leadership in Organizations (6th Edition). New Jersy: Prentice Hall. Burns, J. M. (1978) Leadership. New York. Harper Row Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Page 14 How to cite An Analysis of Leadership Models, Essay examples An Analysis of Leadership Models Free Essays Models and their Influence on Educational Leadership Pamela Lee University of Phoenix An Analysis of Leadership Models Although there is no conclusive, comprehensive definition of leadership, there has been advances in researching leadership theories that have been uncovered and carried out over the last 200 years. In the late sass, the trait theory permeated the leadership theory. The World War era saw the beginning of the contingency/situation leadership theories of Fiddler, Broom-Yet, and Hershey-Blanchard. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Leadership Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the sass, the research turned toward behavioral leadership theories. Many researchers started to use rating skills and conduct interviews to identify the specific behaviors that leaders engaged in on-the-Job (Wren, 1995). The most recent leadership theories, transactional, and transformational, focus on the relationships between leaders and followers. According to Viola, Wallaby, and Weber, â€Å"Today, the field of leadership focus’ not only on the leader, but also the followers, peers, supervisors, work setting/context, and culture† (Viola, Wallaby, Weber, 2009, p. 422). Many of the leadership models have been used in education. The following will be a historical analysis of the trait, behavioral, transactional, and transformational models and their influence on educational leadership over the past 200 years. Close attention will be paid to the evolution of the educational leader (principal) and how his or her roles have changed over time. The scientific study of leadership began in the late sass with the discovery of the traits theory. The common assumption of the time was that certain people were born with the ability to lead, thus making them better leaders than others. Schemers stated, † Those who became leaders were different from those who remained lowers† (Schemers, 1995, p. 83). The goal of trait research was to identify traits that were associated with leadership. The tests measured dominance, masculinity, sensitivity, and physical appearance, to name a few (Schemers, p. 83). During this time, a key leadership role in education was beginning to develop, the principals. As a result of the expansion of education, the one room schoolhouse model with a teacher or master became obsolete. In the sass, grade level schools were established and certain teachers were elevated to the position of â€Å"principal teacher† (Kafka, p. 321). The principal teacher at this time also possessed certain traits. The principal was most always male, who could complete the following clerical and administrative duties that kept the school in order, such as assigning classes, conducting discipline, maintaining the building, taking attendance, and ensuring that school began and ended on time (Kafka, p. 231)t. According to Kafka, These duties brought the principal teacher a degree of authority, as did his role in communicating and answering to the district superintendent, who tended to govern local schools from afar† (Kafka, 2009, p. 231). Many of these roles matched the traits earlier identified by the scientific studies. The principal was male and showed dominance through authority and could manage and maintain law and order in the school. The role of principal and the type of person who filled this position would not change until the scientific research revealed that traits alone do not determine who should be in leadership positions. In the late sass, Stodgily discovered that â€Å"traits alone do not determine leadership† (Schemers, 1995, p. 84). As a result of Stodgily discovery, new models of leadership were created and researched. One model, behaviorism, researched the behaviors (styles) that a leader would demonstrate in his or her chosen field. Questionnaires such as the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire was used to identify behaviors that leaders engaged in (Schemers, p. 85). In education, the principals role changed as the country went off to war and people feared the fascist and communist dictatorships. As a result of the changes in the world and new education laws passed, specifically the law that made school compulsory, the principals role changed and evolved. The principals role became a more democratic role. According to Kafka, â€Å"there was a greater expectation that other members of the school community-? including faculty and even students-?would help make decisions and govern the school. In this sense, the principals authority was drawn somewhat from his role as a democratic leader† (Kafka, 2009, p. 325). Principals would have many roles, they would become instructional leaders, and use the professional training they received and the scientific theories they were presumed to have mastered to bring about the very best classroom teaching and learning (Beck Murphy, 1993, p. 73-76). Principals ere instructed how to manage custodians and cafeteria duties. Principals were expected to demonstrate a democratic leadership style when running his or her school. In the sass, leadership research shifted from situational and contingency models to the transactional and transformational approaches. The transactional approach made popular by the research of Edwin Hollander focused on the leader as the star of the show. The transactional model did not focus on behaviors or specific situation, but on improving an organization through incentives and rewards. One transactional theory, the vertical dyad linkage theory plopped by Green, described how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members (Schemers, p. 91). The transformational approach in contrast, is based on the interaction of leaders and followers. Bass, Burns, and House became key leaders in the research annals of transformational leadership. According to Cutout, † Genuine transformational is â€Å"socialized† and transcends self-interest for utilitarian or moral reasons. It seeks a convergence of values distinguish genuine from pseudo forms of transformational leadership† (Cutout, 2002, p. 96). Although the transactional leadership approach can be found primarily throughout business organizations, it also can be found in education at the principal position along with the transformational approach. In the field of education, a principal can implement both transformational and transactional leadership approaches simultaneously. In the sass, principals became agents of change. Healthier stated, â€Å"that this focus on the principals capacity to enact change was only affirmed in the sass with the popularity of Ron Edmondson effective schools research, which emphasized that strong administrative leadership as a common characteristic of successful schools† (Healthier, 1992, p. 37). As a result of No Child Left Behind (NCSC), schools have implemented high stakes testing to satisfy the requirements of the law. Principals are put in the position of having to wear â€Å"two hats†, a transformational hat and a transactional hat. Pepper states, † A principals ability to skillfully balance transform and transactional leadership styles will best position a school to accomplish the goals set forth by NCSC while also continuing to focus on individual students needs for academic success† (Pepper, 2010, p. 3). A principal practices a transformational leadership style when he or she is practicing shared leadership with staff, parents, and students. A principal would collaborate with teachers in the areas of curriculum development and instructional practices. The principal also would have a shared vision for the school and collaborate with staff and students to build an effective school culture. The principal would practice transactional leadership when he or she are overseeing the daily operations of the school. The principal would be enforcing policies, procedures, and rules of the school. The principal would reward teachers for accomplishing their goals and discipline teachers who do not live up to his or her standards. Although most would think of a principal as a transformational leader, there are times when a principal also has to be a transactional leader to accomplish goals, increase student achievement, and have a safe and effective school for both staff and students. Research and psychological studies will continue to contribute to the pool of leadership theories illustrated in this essay. The study of leadership has evolved from a leader-centered models with the advent of trait and behavioral studies to a Ochs on a multidimensional study that revolves around culture, context, and emotions as seen with the transactional and transformational models. How to cite An Analysis of Leadership Models, Papers

Relationship Between Parents and Children in Chinese Family free essay sample

Meanwhile, Chinese parents, like the mother in Amy Tan’s article, have too much expectation to their children’s future career and give them painful stress. Certainly, this kind of parents mentioned above cannot form a benign relationship with their children, especially adolescents in the rebellious period. The point is the relationship between parents and children in Chinese family is conflicting from generation to generation because of different kinds of factors, and it causes a few serious problems such as smoking, drug use, and even suicide. Communication and interests can remit and finally figure out this terrible condition. The causes of conflicting relationship between parents and children can be summarized as painful stress, high expectation and overload love. These factors are extremely common in the majority of Chinese family due to same cultural background and strict policies. Chinese college entrance examination is one of the most important examinations, because Chinese people believe that adolescents who are not in the top class are able to change their destiny as long as being admitted to a top university by Chinese college entrance examination. The diploma of an outstanding university guarantees a high-paying job. In other words, to a certain extent, this examination after twelve years basic education can decide one’s later life. Based on this background, Chinese parents highly expect their child can do an excellent job in the Chinese college entrance examination. In addition, since one-child policy, under normal conditions, there is only one child in one Chinese family. All parents and even other family members’ attentions are paid to this child. In fact, the only child has become the unique hope of parents. As a result of having a single child, this single child is usually regarded as the continuing part and hope of parents’ lives. Because life of parent has almost been settled, they place their idea and expectation on their children and want them to their dream that they did not realize. In Amy Tan’s article, â€Å"Two Kinds†, with narrating of first person, Jing-Mei, the daughter in the article, has a conflicting relationship with her mother who grew up in China and is a traditional Chinese, because her mother extremely wants her to become a successful piano player and pushes her to practice a lot every day. However, the expectation of Jing-Mei’s mother is not what Jing-Mei wants in ordinary life. Gradually, she has fed up with playing piano and eventually quarrels with her mother after failure of a talent show. â€Å"Only two kinds of daughters,† She shouted in Chinese, â€Å"These who are obedient and those who follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter! † (84) These words show the normal thought from a traditional Chinese mother. She thinks that a daughter should do what parents ask to do because of parents’ sacrifice in form of money and efforts. It seems this kind of thought seldom works; on the contrary, children look forward to freedom instead of parents’ expectation. Actually, this conflicting relationship usually leads to some serious problems like smoking, alcohol drinking and drug use. Family is the place where people spend most time in daily life. Thus, if the family relationship is conflicting, it usually leads to the lack of family education because of no normal communication. Jing-Mei and her mother is an example of no normal communication but full quarrels. Definitely, family education plays a ignificant role in the growth of adolescent, and without family education, children are more likely to form bad habits like smoking, alcohol drinking and drug use. According to Sai-Yin Ho’s academic journal, Family structure, parent-child conversation time and substance use among Chinese adolescents, the author finds out the result that â€Å"Adolescent substance use progressively increased from intact to mate rnal, paternal and no-parent families consistently for current smoking (7. 9% to 18. 9%), weekly drinking (6. 1% to 21. 6%) and even drug use (6. 0% to 17. %) alike. † (10) Obviously, this study about non-intact family shows that incompletion of family, almost meaning the lack or negligence of family education, increases the probability of being involved in these unhealthy behaviors. Similarly, there are some common points between traditional Chinese family and non-intact family. Both of them pay less attention to psychological education of children. For the importance of Chinese college entrance examination, Chinese parents normally focus on the grades of the examinations rather than children’s daily behaviors. Particularly in family with conflicting relationship, they do not have the deeper communication to understand each other, like Jing-Mei’s family in Tan’s story. Children cannot get comfortable care and love from their parents, so many of them prefer to something different from what normal adolescents do, like smoking, alcohol drinking and drug use. On one hand, they try to escape from real life by indulging in alcohol and drugs. On the other hand, these children want to catch others attention through these uncommon behavior. What’s worse, some adolescent who cannot suffer from the painful stress and high requirement prefer to commit suicide. People commonly have their own methods to adjust the stress, however, if the stress is so huge that adjustment does not work anymore, they are afraid of facing the pressure and choose to escape or even commit suicide. The distance of high requirement of parents and low behavior of children in the exams can exacerbate the conflict of Chinese parents-adolescents relationship. In Sylvia Kwok’s academic paper, â€Å"Family Processes and Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Adolescent in Hong Kong†, it states â€Å"over conflict in the family, particularly parent-adolescent conflict would cause disturbance and stress to the adolescent, affecting their psychological well-being (e. g. , sense of hope, satisfaction with life), thus increasing their suicidal ideation. † (11) This statement shows that the anxiety and pressure caused by conflicting family relationship have the positive correlations with suicidal tendency, where the more anxiety and pressure children suffer from, the easier they will get the suicidal thoughts. Home, different from work place or school, is the last place to relax. However, the conflict relationship not only cannot provide a peaceful place to have a rest, but also need more attention than work or study. Indeed, Chinese adolescents are facing and suffering from both the pressure from the Chinese college entrance examination and high expectation from parents, especially the later one. Parents’ high expectation pushes students to work harder and harder and causes most of conflicts. Eventually, the great wish from parents forces children to the cliff, and tragedy happens. Solutions to these serious situations have been found out, increasing deep communication and building same interests. Communication has been mentioned several times as a necessary component among family members. Obviously, Communication is an effective path to ease the conflicting relationship and let parents and children understand each other. Connecting back to Amy Tan’s article, lacking the effective communication, Jing-Mei’s mother cannot show her direct love though the expectation, and, unfortunately, they do not understand each other until Jing-Mei sees her mother’s remains. If they could communicate with each other deeply rather than quarreling, the understanding should come earlier before Jing-Mei’s mother died. Communication can help parents and children know another’s minds and find a suitable solution to meet both sides’ need. Furthermore, according to Kwok’s academic paper, â€Å"Both correlation and regression analyses showed that a higher level of parents-adolescent communication was significantly related to a lower level of adolescent suicidal ideation. † (6) The result based on the research study directly tells the effect of communication to the prevention of this kind of horrible ideas. Talking face to face is the path to depth of heart. Therefore, supposing that parents are willing to spend a certain time communicating with their children every day, they will be aware of adolescents’ thoughts little by little and figure out the generation gap problem. On the other hand, children are able to understand care and love from their parents through communication, so that it is less likely to do extreme thing, like commit suicide. Equally important, parents and children can build same interests and spend time together to get a harmonious relationship. The same interests can make parents-children relationship close, almost like friendship. Take E. B. White’s article, Once More to the Lake, as an example. The author was fond of swimming in the lake. He took along his son, who had not swum before, to the lack during summertime. And then, the son also loved this water sport with his father. Hence, they spent almost whole summer around lake. In the essay, White’s â€Å"boy loved our rented outboard, and his great desire was to achieve single handed mastery over it. It shows that, based on the same habits, they formed a friendly relationship and got well along with each other. There is less pressure between White and his son. Although White is not a Chinese father, the way he deals with the relationship with his son is a successful example to consider and follow. Parents should not just pay all attention to exam grades, after all, time spent with child together is worthy, because it is able to ameliorate the conflicting r elationship. In the enjoyable hours with child, their opinions and values are going to approach similar gradually like White father and son. Conflicting parents-children relationship in Chinese family causes more serious problems on adolescents, like alcohol drinking, drug use, and commits suicide. With the development of society, fortunately, the common solutions, communication and joint time, are not a quite difficult methods to operate. The family relationship is important not only to children’s growth, but also to parents, because present parent-children relationship will decide the manner where children think of their parents when they are old. It is like a circle. Parents and children are two half sides of the circle, and the relationship in the circle is influencing similarly the approaches that parents and children treat each other in the long term. Reference Ho, Sai-Yin. â€Å"Family structure, parent-child conversation time and substance use among Chinese adolescents† (2010) Kwok, Sylvia â€Å"Family Processes and Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Adolescent in Hong Kong† (2011) Tan, Amy. â€Å"Two Kinds† White, E. B. â€Å"Once More to the Lake†